Add episode. Everything That's New on Netflix in December. Clear your history. Athgar 13 episodes, Majid 13 episodes, Maymoon 13 episodes, Shahryar 13 episodes, Shahrzad 13 episodes, Donyazad 13 episodes, Numerous stories depict jinn , ghouls , apes , [9] sorcerers , magicians , and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally.

Common protagonists include the historical Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid , his Grand Vizier , Jafar al-Barmaki , and the famous poet Abu Nuwas , despite the fact that these figures lived some years after the fall of the Sassanid Empire , in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set.

Sometimes a character in Scheherazade's tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own, and that story may have another one told within it, resulting in a richly layered narrative texture.

Different versions differ, at least in detail, as to final endings in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon, in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife, in some other things happen that make the king distracted but they all end with the king giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life.

The narrator's standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature. While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing their life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy , and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen —and in all of these cases she turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life.

The history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about.

Robert Irwin summarises their findings:. In the s and s a lot of work was done on the Nights by Zotenberg and others, in the course of which a consensus view of the history of the text emerged.

Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia.

At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla , or 'The Thousand Nights'.

This collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small. Then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it—among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Also, perhaps from the 10th century onwards, previously independent sagas and story cycles were added to the compilation [ In the early modern period yet more stories were added to the Egyptian collections so as to swell the bulk of the text sufficiently to bring its length up to the full 1, nights of storytelling promised by the book's title.

Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as frame stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights.

The influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. It is possible that the influence of the Panchatantra is via a Sanskrit adaptation called the Tantropakhyana.

Only fragments of the original Sanskrit form of this work survive, but translations or adaptations exist in Tamil, [14] Lao, [15] Thai, [16] and Old Javanese.

In the 10th century Ibn al-Nadim compiled a catalogue of books the "Fihrist" in Baghdad. He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed "evening tales and fables".

He also writes disparagingly of the collection's literary quality, observing that "it is truly a coarse book, without warmth in the telling".

In the s, the Iraqi scholar Safa Khulusi suggested on internal rather than historical evidence that the Persian writer Ibn al-Muqaffa' was responsible for the first Arabic translation of the frame story and some of the Persian stories later incorporated into the Nights.

This would place genesis of the collection in the 8th century. In the midth century, the scholar Nabia Abbott found a document with a few lines of an Arabic work with the title The Book of the Tale of a Thousand Nights , dating from the 9th century.

This is the earliest known surviving fragment of the Nights. Some of the earlier Persian tales may have survived within the Arabic tradition altered such that Arabic Muslim names and new locations were substituted for pre-Islamic Persian ones, but it is also clear that whole cycles of Arabic tales were eventually added to the collection and apparently replaced most of the Persian materials.

One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid died , his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki d.

Another cluster is a body of stories from late medieval Cairo in which are mentioned persons and places that date to as late as the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Two main Arabic manuscript traditions of the Nights are known: the Syrian and the Egyptian. The Syrian tradition is primarily represented by the earliest extensive manuscript of the Nights , a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century Syrian manuscript now known as the Galland Manuscript.

It and surviving copies of it are much shorter and include fewer tales than the Egyptian tradition. It is represented in print by the so-called Calcutta I — and most notably by the 'Leiden edition' Texts of the Egyptian tradition emerge later and contain many more tales of much more varied content; a much larger number of originally independent tales have been incorporated into the collection over the centuries, most of them after the Galland manuscript was written, [38] : 32 and were being included as late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, perhaps in order to attain the eponymous number of nights.

All extant substantial versions of both recensions share a small common core of tales: [39]. The texts of the Syrian recension do not contain much beside that core.

It is debated which of the Arabic recensions is more "authentic" and closer to the original: the Egyptian ones have been modified more extensively and more recently, and scholars such as Muhsin Mahdi have suspected that this was caused in part by European demand for a "complete version"; but it appears that this type of modification has been common throughout the history of the collection, and independent tales have always been added to it.

No copy of this edition survives, but it was the basis for an edition by Bulaq, published by the Egyptian government.

Each volume contained one hundred tales. Soon after, the Prussian scholar Christian Maximilian Habicht collaborated with the Tunisian Mordecai ibn al-Najjar to create an edition containing nights both in the original Arabic and in German translation, initially in a series of eight volumes published in Breslau in — A further four volumes followed in — In addition to the Galland manuscript, Habicht and al-Najjar used what they believed to be a Tunisian manuscript, which was later revealed as a forgery by al-Najjar.

This claimed to be based on an older Egyptian manuscript which has never been found. After the execution, the king reads through the book and later dies because of a secret poison Duban left on the pages.

This famous tale is another that was added by Galland in the 18th century. A poor fisherman casts out his net after calling upon God and pulls out a copper jar.

When he opens it, pleased to have found something so valuable, a powerful genie is released. Having been kept captive in the jar for so long, the genie is furious with humanity and vows to kill whoever released him.

The fisherman, a wise old man, has no success pleading with the genie, so he tricks the genie into returning to the jar. Trapped again, the genie pledges to reward the fisherman with a lake full of exotic fish if he is released.

The fisherman agrees and sells the fish to the sultan as the genie instructed. For nights in a row, Scheherazade tells Shahryar a story, each time stopping at dawn with a cliffhanger , thus forcing him to keep her alive for another day so that she can complete the tale the next night.

After 1, stories she has told Shahryar, she tells him that she has no more stories to tell him. However, during the stories, Shahryar has grown into a wise ruler and rekindles his trust in women.

Shah Zaman catches his first wife in bed with a cook and cuts them both in two. At this point, Shah Zaman comes to believe that all women are untrustworthy and he returns to Samarkand where, as his brother does, he marries a new bride every day and has her executed before morning.

Shah Zaman decides to stay with his brother and marries Scheherazade's beautiful younger maiden sister, Dunyazad, with whom he has fallen in love.

He is the ruler of Tatarstan from its capital Samarkand. He is noted for having a magic tent that would expand so as to shelter an army, and contract so that it could go into one's pocket.

Ahmed travels to Samarkand city and buys an apple that can cure any disease if the sick person smells it. He goes hungry for many months until he sees Zumurrud on sale in a slave market.

Zumurrud gives Ali the money to buy her and the two live together and fall in love. A year later Zumurrud is kidnapped by a Christian and Ali spends the rest of the story finding her.

He travels to Shiraz , the capital Persia , and buys a magic perspective glass that can see for hundreds of miles.

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Meanwhile, French and English continuations, versions, or editions of Galland had added stories from oral and manuscript sources, collected, with others, in the Breslau edition, 5 vol.

Later translations followed the Bulaq text with varying fullness and accuracy. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Loading game.

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